Sino-bus 新加坡华文课程，多元选择

In modern society, reading is one of the essential skills for individuals. Reading is a key way for children to learn knowledge, as well as an important way for children to develop their thinking and cultivate their temperament.

In the framework map of 21st century student learning proposed by UNESCO, reading and communication occupy a central position in the seven major learning areas. Therefore, parents are looking forward to their children learning to read as soon as possible. It can be seen that learning Chinese for children with reading disabilities.

However, in reality, many children around the world are unable to read normally. Some parents feel that their children are unable to concentrate and feel that they are ‘ADHD’, without realizing that their learning disabilities may be another situation.

Under normal educational conditions, most children can learn to read normally. However, although reading is so important for children’s development, some children are unable to successfully acquire reading.

According to research data statistics, there are approximately 5-10% of children in English, Chinese, Japanese, and other writing systems who have normal intelligence and equal access to education. However, their reading performance still lags far behind that of their peers – this group of children is referred to as dyslexia.

Firstly, children with reading disabilities do not have intellectual problems, and some children with reading disabilities are even very intelligent.

If the problem of reading disabilities can be detected in a timely manner and receive special education, they may overcome reading and writing problems, fully tap their potential, and even become creative talents in various fields. Therefore, sometimes we refer to children with reading disabilities as “smart and stupid children”.

Secondly, dyslexia is a developmental disorder that afflicts individuals diagnosed with dyslexia throughout their lives. Throughout primary and secondary schools and into adulthood, they face difficulties in word recognition, understanding, and dictation. So don’t expect reading disorders to naturally heal. Early detection and intervention are crucial for overcoming reading disorders.

Once again, reading disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two different problems, and these two abnormalities can exist separately or simultaneously. Although the prevalence of reading disorders caused by ADHD is as high as 20% -40%, reading disorders and reading difficulties caused by ADHD are two different abnormal phenomena. It is important to distinguish between these two issues because the intervention methods are also different.

Finally, dyslexia has familial inheritance. Research has shown that in identical twins, if one person suffers from dyslexia, the probability of the other person suffering from dyslexia is as high as 68%.

If one of the parents or direct siblings suffers from dyslexia, the probability of the individual suffering from dyslexia is about 50%. This can serve as one of the signals for early recognition of children with reading disabilities.

For children with a Chinese background learning to read, the first threshold is the decoding of Chinese characters, which is to establish the connection between the shape, pronunciation, and meaning of Chinese characters.

On the road to becoming a fluent reader, the first stumbling block that Chinese dyslexic children encounter is memorizing the shape of Chinese characters and writing them.

A large number of studies have consistently shown that children with Chinese reading disabilities have difficulties in processing Chinese characters. They often have slow and limited literacy, often make mistakes in writing, and have difficulty remembering Chinese character shapes.

Therefore, in order to firmly grasp the writing method of Chinese characters, Chinese children often spend a lot of time copying Chinese characters.

A stroke by stroke transcription can help children finely visually process the shape of each Chinese character, like building LEGO blocks, combining different strokes according to a certain spatial structure, and neatly and harmoniously “building” them in the meter character grid.

This is not an inefficient and clumsy method. On the contrary, copying is an effective means for both literacy and writing. It can not only help children establish a solid representation of character shapes in their brains, but also help them write Chinese characters more accurately.

The structure of Chinese characters is complex. According to spatial relationships, Chinese characters can be further divided into individual characters, upper and lower structures, left and right structures, and bounding structures.

Due to the visual complexity of Chinese character composition and the spatial diversity of Chinese character structure, mastering orthographic skills is relatively difficult for Chinese children. Research has also shown that orthographic defects are the core defects of Chinese reading disorders.

The study of reading disorders has a history of over a hundred years in the West, and has been relatively comprehensive in terms of assessment, intervention, and policy support for reading disorders.

Singapore, China, has also taken a step forward in this regard. Currently, it has developed a reading disability behavior scale and diagnostic tests, designed Chinese reading and writing courses for kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, and developed corresponding textbooks.

Relevant training has been provided to education administrators and Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools throughout Hong Kong.

In addition, they also adopted a three-level response intervention model to replace traditional methods for intervention in children with reading disabilities, achieving good intervention results. The importance of learning Chinese for children with reading disabilities is gradually becoming more prominent.

Due to the late start of research on reading disorders in mainland China and the main focus being on basic research, the applied research on the diagnosis and intervention of reading disorders is still relatively weak. The public’s understanding of reading disabilities is even more limited.

In recent years, more and more scholars have begun to pay attention to the popularization of common knowledge about reading disorders, which has led to a more scientific understanding of reading disorders among the public. However, there is still a long way to go in the development of intervention and diagnostic tools for reading disorders.

As mentioned earlier, dyslexia is a special learning disorder originating from abnormal brain and neural development, and children with dyslexia are not necessarily not smart enough or do not study hard enough.

On the contrary, their intelligence is normal or even extraordinary, and they even have special talents in many aspects. In the absence of timely diagnosis and intervention, what they most need is understanding and support from teachers and parents.

The importance of learning Chinese for children with reading disabilities is reflected in various aspects. It is hoped that these “smart and foolish children” can also have a happy childhood and enjoy the pleasure of reading like other children.

In what learning environment will learning be more efficient? For me, it’s looking for Chinese learning partners. For those who have a personality that makes it difficult to maintain their concentration and motivation when learning, it is highly recommended to study with a learning partner.

Some people may think that studying together is even more impossible to concentrate on? It may be like this, but in fact, just grasping the tricks can have a very good effect.

If you are a social person, you can think back to your student days. Of course, there are also some learning partners or competitors around me, and the process of learning with them will also stimulate my enthusiasm for learning.

Nowadays, students are busy with their own studies (most of which are arranged by their parents to attend different training classes after school, or have parents waiting at the school gate early to take them home…), and there are almost no classmates or partners who can learn together, and there are also no people who can encourage each other.

That is to say, even if students nowadays want to learn with someone, the previously common “co learning” environment is rarely present, and now students have evolved to a height where they are not accustomed to “co learning” with others.

Because when learning alone, the guilt of not wanting to learn, the regret of losing to competitors, the joy of achieving goals, and so on, the opportunities to perceive these will sharply decrease.

As a result, it is easy to be lazy, tempted by games, social interactions, and other factors, making it increasingly difficult to maintain a desire for learning.

Partner effect refers to the effect of being in a group with high awareness and ability, and effectively enhancing possibilities while learning from each other.

When the effect of improving grades by studying alone is not significant, this multiplication effect can be utilized.

However, if the level of a partner is too high, it can actually cause a negative mentality of “inability to compete”, so the effectiveness of a partner can be influenced by the level of the learning partner or competitor.

That is to say, it is better to choose learning partners who have similar academic abilities to oneself. However, if it is purely for the purpose of “learning”, sometimes it doesn’t matter what level of academic ability the learning partner has.

In short, trying to learn with people who are focused and enthusiastic about learning will better stimulate their enthusiasm for learning.

If Chinese learning partners have the same goals as themselves and the learning content is also the same, then the effect of “competitive learning” will be evident. The learning content of memorization is much less fulfilling than solving problems, but blindly memorizing can also make people feel “painful”.

And the pressure before exams, the fear of forgetting, and so on. At this point, if there are partners who can “fight” together, it is easy to gain a sense of peace of mind. The most important thing that cannot be lacking in “competitive learning” is the sense of responsibility towards others.

That is to say, studying together and using this method together will not affect the other party’s grades, and this responsibility is shared by all partners.

Sometimes, for the sake of one’s own learning, it is easy to slack off without a strong willpower, but if it is for the sake of friends and others, one will unexpectedly work hard.

There are many benefits to competitive learning, such as the shared sense of achievement at the end of learning, the happiness and pride of being helpful to others, and so on.

It is said that 70% of students who can be admitted to first-class universities usually study either in the living room or in the restaurant (based on research), rather than in their own rooms.

Why study in these places? It’s very simple.

One is that there are not too many things around that can tempt oneself like in one’s own room, clean and refreshing, and one can focus solely on learning.

The second is that unlike in one’s own room where no one sees and does whatever one wants, it is easy to be distracted.

In the so-called “public places” of the living room and dining room, there is the “shadow” of family members, just like someone watching and supervising one’s learning at any time. Consciously, it will keep oneself in a more focused learning state at all times.

Find Chinese learning partners to learn together, and among the classmates and friends around you, find some who are willing to learn together. If you can’t find it, you can also use the network.

I know there is an online self-study room in Singapore, where everyone automatically joins an online class.

Another thing is “learning coffee”. Learning coffee is a special self-study space that can concentrate on learning, but it is also a relaxing learning space like Starbucks. You can have Dim sum, coffee and chat with others during the break.

Design that allows for a high degree of concentration during learning and also increases opportunities for communication and interaction with learning partners.

Chinese punctuation marks form a complete system that complements Chinese characters.

In 1918, Chen Wangdao proposed in his article “The Innovation of Punctuation” that “punctuation can be used as a divine tool for writing”, believing that the relationship between text reform and punctuation reform is external and internal, and that punctuation can add the finishing touch and make writing more vivid.

In 1919, the first session of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Mandarin passed the “Proposal for the Implementation of New Punctuation Symbols”, which was approved and promulgated by the Ministry of Education of the Beiyang Government in 1920.
In the subsequent use process, new punctuation symbols were constantly modified and supplemented, and have been widely used in Chinese for over 100 years.

Classical Chinese does not have strict punctuation marks, but its ability to read lies in the brevity of sentences, the symmetry of sentence structure, and the extensive use of pronouns and modal particles.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China to the May Fourth period, people gradually realized that the separation between classical Chinese and real spoken language had seriously hindered social development, while vernacular Chinese could hardly meet the needs of expression solely relying on language and written symbols themselves, resulting in the emergence of punctuation marks.

The promotion of new punctuation marks was part of the New Culture Movement, and Chen Wangdao was one of the pioneers who advocated the use of new punctuation marks.

He used at least 12 punctuation marks in the Chinese first translation of the Communist Manifesto. New Youth magazine was one of the first publications to use modern punctuation.

The articles published by literary revolution pioneers such as Hu Shi, Lu Xun, Qian Xuantong, and Liu Bannong in “New Youth” extensively imitated Western punctuation.

In 1918, Lu Xun published a series of works such as “The Diary of a Madman” in “New Youth”. While excelling in mastering vernacular Chinese, he successfully used a set of punctuation marks.

Internationality is a common feature of punctuation in modern languages of various countries, and Chinese punctuation is the result of the fusion of traditional sentence reading symbols in China and Western punctuation symbols.

In addition to punctuation, Western languages also consider spacing between words, changing fonts, capitalizing letters, and segmenting as punctuation functions. For example, in English, there is a gap between words, book and newspaper names are indicated in italics, and proper names are capitalized.

While China adopts punctuation, it also introduces the method of line segmentation. Chinese uses block characters and generally does not use spaces to segment words, but in some situations, such as newspaper headlines, spaces can be used to indicate pauses.

Chinese punctuation marks serve people’s facial expressions. With the richness and delicacy of people’s expressions, existing punctuation marks will have new uses and meanings, and new punctuation marks will continue to emerge.

Regardless of the changes, the use of punctuation should respect rules and achieve consistent processing to meet the needs of language expression.

The learning and application of punctuation marks is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight.

Firstly, teachers should pay more attention to punctuation teaching in their thinking and implement it in the daily explanation of each text, in the correction of each homework, as well as in each blackboard writing, PPT production, and lesson plan writing.

Strictly require oneself to use punctuation symbols correctly, and set an example for students to use language symbols in a standardized manner, so that they can gradually master more punctuation knowledge.

Secondly, organize campus cultural activities related to language and writing work, such as punctuation correction competitions, various essay competitions, and punctuation culture construction.

Only by having a “national standard awareness” from a young age and developing the habit of using language and written symbols in a standardized manner, can we avoid making jokes or causing significant losses due to the incorrect use of punctuation marks.

Improving the awareness of national standards among citizens is also a key and difficult aspect of national language and writing work.

The necessity and importance of correctly using Chinese punctuation marks can be seen from this.

In summary, teaching strategies for primary school Chinese punctuation can be explored from three aspects: stimulating students’ interest in learning punctuation, guiding students to master the correct use of punctuation, and enhancing students’ awareness of correct use of punctuation.

The small punctuation marks contain university knowledge, guiding students to use language and writing symbols in a standardized manner, not only serving exams but also supporting national language and writing work, which is conducive to improving the overall quality of national language and writing, and creating a good learning atmosphere and cultural environment.

Toddler Mandarin practice is a very important thing. A 5-year-old baby, substandard pronunciation test, belongs to moderate to severe dysarthria, a sentence is more than half, except for the mother can understand, outsiders do not know what the baby is saying.

The sound measurement report showed that the posterior voice of the tip of the tongue was 75% wrong, the tip of the tongue was 60% wrong, the tongue surface was 52% wrong, and the tip of the tongue was 33% wrong.

The errors that can occur with functional dysarthria are almost complete. In addition, the baby’s oral function test is also substandard. Functional dysarthria, also known as developmental slurred speech or developmental dysphonia, is more common in preschool children.

These babies have no problems on the surface, active and lively, smart and cute, and there is no damage to various articulation organs in the mouth, but the pronunciation is inaccurate, the speech is not clear, and this kind of voice problems will be left to the future, and can not correct themselves.

This shows that many children’s Mandarin practice is still very lacking. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, promote the implementation of the “Children’s Language Homophony” plan, cultivate preschool children with basic Putonghua communication skills, and form Putonghua thinking habits, which will lay a good language foundation for them to enter the compulsory education stage.

Language is the carrier of cultural inheritance and the foundation of national prosperity and development, and the Party and the state attach great importance to the popularization of the national standard language and the education of preschool children in Putonghua.

In 2020, the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in the Key Work in the Field of “Three Rural Areas” to Ensure the Realization of All-round Moderate Prosperity on Schedule clearly required that “vigorously improve the ability of rural teachers in the central and western regions to use the standard spoken and written national language, and strengthen the Putonghua education of preschool children in poverty-stricken areas”.

The reporter learned that in June 2020, the Department of Language and Writing Application Management of the Ministry of Education carried out online demonstration training for Putonghua “seed” teachers in kindergartens deeply impoverished areas, and conducted special demonstration training on Putonghua teaching ability for 700 key kindergarten teachers, so that they have the teaching ability to undertake follow-up rotation training tasks.

After years of efforts, positive progress has been made in the toddler Mandarin practice and education of young children in ethnic minority areas and rural areas, and the construction of the teaching team has been continuously strengthened.

For example, in terms of teacher training, Qinghai Province has carried out special training for kindergarten teachers who do not meet the Putonghua standards in the province, and by the end of 2020, the number of kindergarten teachers who did not meet the Putonghua standards in the province has been greatly reduced.

In addition, some localities lack kindergarten teachers, so teachers with weak teaching ability in the national standard language of primary schools are transferred to kindergarten teaching, or temporarily hired kindergarten teachers through government procurement of services, labor dispatch, etc., and some of them have not yet reached the standard of Putonghua.

The relevant person in charge of the Language and Text Application Management Department of the Ministry of Education stated that in order to build a team of kindergarten teachers with Mandarin education and teaching abilities in ethnic and rural areas, it will play a demonstration and driving role in promoting Mandarin teaching in kindergartens.

The Ministry of Education, with the support of the central special lottery public welfare fund of the Ministry of Finance, has implemented the “Children’s Language Homophonic” program – the Mandarin education project for young children. The Ministry of Education plans to carry out national language and writing application training for kindergarten teachers in ethnic and rural areas in stages and batches during the 14th Five Year Plan period, gradually covering all rural kindergartens in relevant provinces.

The relevant person in charge of the Language and Text Application Management Department of the Ministry of Education stated that it is necessary to create a rich Mandarin education environment and focus on developing the oral expression ability of preschool children through environmental infiltration.

Encourage young children to communicate in Mandarin through opportunities in daily life and games; Organize colorful activities to encourage young children to listen, speak, want to speak, dare to speak, and have the opportunity to speak Mandarin.

At the level of collaborative promotion, it is also necessary to actively play the leading role of universities.

Utilizing its own disciplinary and talent advantages, we will carry out the “Ten Million” project during the “14th Five Year Plan” period, organize hundreds of kindergartens in the eastern and central western regions, 1000 kindergarten teachers, and 10000 families of young children to pair up and assist, and promote Mandarin education for preschool children in ethnic and rural areas in the central and western regions.

At the same time, attention should be paid to leveraging the intellectual advantages of relevant universities through on-site visits and research, tool evaluations, behavior observation, action research, principal teacher parent forums, online teacher salons, remote discussions, and other methods.

Deepen the toddler Mandarin practice, analyze the current situation and existing problems of Mandarin education for young children in ethnic areas, carry out scientific research on the promotion of Mandarin education for young children in ethnic areas, and provide theoretical support for practical work.

From 02 to the present, the number of sensitive children in Singapore has gradually increased. Experiments have shown that children in sensitive periods learn Chinese can help alleviate their symptoms.

The sensitive period is a phenomenon related to the life of children and is suitable for a certain age, so what is the sensitive period?

Through meticulous, patient and systematic observation of children’s natural behavior, it is pointed out that children have a special ability to feel at each specific time, which prompts him to be sensitive to certain things in the environment, to pay attention to relevant things, to be patient, and to ignore other things.

This is called the sensitive period. When the child successfully passes a sensitive period, the child’s mental level rises from one level to another. For ordinary children, language development is a natural thing, and the sensitive period of language development of ordinary children is 0-6 years old.

When babies start crying and staring at the mouth shape of adults, their language sensitivity begins, especially at 18-30 months, they will usher in a verbal burst.

During this period, you can learn 200-300 words, and the parts of speech mastered are quickly enriched in this time period, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and words can be synthesized into phrases or sentences in 24-48 months.

But the most common early symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder include delayed language development, lack of language, or aphasia.

It is difficult for them to learn vocabulary and language structure, and in the process, they will have problems such as inability to remember vocabulary, difficulty distinguishing vocabulary, and difficulty combining sentences.

Compared with ordinary children, autistic children have later organ and mental development than ordinary children, and the most common early symptoms of autism include delayed language development, no language or aphasia.

It can be seen from here that the sensitive period of autistic children comes later than ordinary children; Secondly, there is low intensity, and the performance in the sensitive period is not as obvious as that of ordinary children.

In the process of mastering vocabulary and sentence patterns, because the core obstacle of autistic children has thinking disorders, they will master less vocabulary than ordinary children, and cannot be used flexibly, and in the process of learning sentence patterns, there will be problems such as difficulty in combining sentences, stiff and incoherent sentences in combination.

Chengcheng is a 3-year-old and 5-month-old autistic child, he had no language before 2 years and 8 months, and after 3 months of intervention, Chengcheng was able to express simple monophony, after which Chengcheng became particularly fond of imitating adult pronunciation.

At the age of 3, Chengcheng has been able to master more than 50 nouns, such as watermelon, cat, crow, car, etc., and at the age of 3 years and 2 months, he can name sports characters, such as mother, grandfather, teacher, grandmother, etc.

Since learning short sentences, Chengcheng will eagerly pull the adult to say when he sees anything, and after speaking, he will look at the adult with expectant eyes, and when the adult praises and repeats Chengcheng’s words, Chengcheng will excitedly repeat what he just said. This is the importance of children in sensitive periods learn Chinese.

The language sensitivity period of autistic children is not as obvious as that of ordinary children, so this requires the interventionist and the family to observe the subtle changes of the child, and when it is found that the child begins to occur, and is very willing to imitate adult speech.

We must understand that the child’s language sensitivity period has arrived. In this process we need to pay attention to:

Timely response and strengthening. In the early stages of learning, children will have temptation and lack of confidence, such as low voices and dare not look directly at the person in conversation.

At this time, we must encourage the child in time: “What you said is amazing! You said it very clearly! You’re amazing, and you’ve learned a new vocabulary! ”

Correct errors in time, in the process of learning language, children will use mistakes and express errors, such as the teacher is playing with the child to lose the ball, but the child says: “The ball is dropped”, the mother is cooking, but the mother is eating.

So after the child expresses the error, be sure to correct the error immediately to avoid the same mistake in the future.

Timely assistance. When children express more complex sentences, there will be stuttering or unclear expression, for example, if the child wants his mother to help get cookies, he can only anxiously express “Mom, eat cookies”, which is to assist the child to complete the sentence “Mommy I want to eat cookies”.

The arrival of the language sensitive period is one stage to another stage for the development of autistic children, and it is a most important link in their development process.

The sensitive period is also short-lived, not permanent, it lasts only for a short period of time, and as long as it disappears, it can never be reproduced. I hope that all parents can seize this stage of children in sensitive periods learn Chinese and build hope for their future growth.

Even if you can learn 10 hours a day, speaking fluent Mandarin within 30 days from scratch is not a practical plan to master Chinese. So, how to learn fast Chinese in 30 days?

However, it is possible to develop the habit of learning Chinese in daily life through 30 days of training. Once you develop a daily habit of learning Chinese, you will benefit greatly from this habit.

What should you do during these 30 days of Chinese language training to achieve this goal?

1. Develop detailed goals and complete the schedule
A specific learning plan detailing daily content can help you achieve your goals more easily and faster. There is no need to set fixed or identical goals every day. Diversified learning content and flexible learning volume are more conducive to maintaining learning attention and making it easier to persist.

For example, your daily learning goal can be to remember 10 Chinese characters or characters at a time; Alternatively, practice standard pronunciation of Chinese vocabulary with similar tones, or learn the usage of a Chinese phrase or pattern and practice with your Chinese friends.

Perfect for applying the most interesting learning modes and the most suitable 30 day Mandarin learning challenge for you. In the long run, both interest and motivation are important for language learning.

2.Persistence is half the battle
It is said that 30 days is the shortest time for a person to cultivate a new habit. Once you can persist in learning Chinese every day for 30 days, your daily Chinese learning actions will automatically become your habit.

If your brain can subconsciously process learning tasks as a part of your favorite daily life, then learning Mandarin will no longer be boring.

However, if you skip a few days of learning, whether it is regular or irregular, the efficiency of your 30 day Mandarin learning challenge will be greatly reduced.

If you have spent a long day, try turning your daily Chinese character memory task into a relaxing meditation accompanied by a beautiful Chinese song. If you feel dizzy about strokes and radicals, you can focus instead on imitating standard pronunciation by watching instructional videos or listening to audio materials.

3.Record daily learning outcomes
Prepare a diary to record daily learning and progress during the 30 day challenge. This may seem like an unnecessary action, but every step you take every day can become a milestone, and when you look back at it, it will motivate and motivate you.

Every step and progress on the way to learning Mandarin deserves honor. Learning how to encourage oneself appropriately is also an effective way to promote your language learning and even further your future career and life.

4.Focus on practicing listening and reading
Listening skills, speaking skills, reading skills, and writing skills are the four basic aspects of language, which can indicate proficiency in a specific language. Among these four skills, speaking and writing skills are important skills in the output stage of language learning.

These two temporary skills also require long-term learning and gradual accumulation. Focusing too much on these two aspects during the 30 day Mandarin learning challenge may cause you to feel frustrated due to unclear results.

On the contrary, listening and reading skills belong to the input learning stage and can be effectively improved through short-term reinforcement learning. If your goal is to cultivate learning habits and motivate yourself at most, then focus on improving these two skills.

Memorizing Chinese characters and vocabulary are both good ways to practice these cognitive abilities.

5.Communicate more with foreign friends and create a language environment

In learn fast chinese in 30 days, your native Chinese friends can help you learn Mandarin at the same time. There are many things you can do with your Chinese friends while learning the language.

For example, you can regularly participate in language exchange activities or watch Chinese movies with Chinese friends. Learning to play mahjong and cook Chinese food is also a fun way to learn about Chinese culture and learn everyday Chinese vocabulary.

The above tips and recommendations are only for short-term challenges that motivate you the most. However, if you plan to achieve more and learn the language for a long time, it is best to learn more tips on how to learn Chinese easily.

In learn fast chinese in 30 days, the easiest way to do this is to take an immersion Chinese language program in China, which allows you to experience a real environment full of Chinese and Chinese language and cultural elements.